Welcome to the STD forum. Bottom line: You are not at risk at all for syphilis, HIV, or any other STD from the events described.
You misunderstanding STDs and how they are transmitted. These bacterria and viruses evolved in such a way that they cannot be transmitted without unprotected sex: with rare exceptions, if a bare penis (i.e. without a condom) isn't inserted into a partner's vagina, anus, or mouth, transmission does not occur. They cannot be transmitted by the small amounts of secretions that might be on fingers etc. And how your partner applied the condom also makes no difference. Here is another thread that explains the biology of HIV and STD transmission in more detail. Start reading with the follow-up comment dated December 14:
http://www.medhelp.org/posts/show/1119533
Second, the chance that any particular sensual massage worker or other commercial sex worker has syphilis or HIV is very low. There are only around 20,000 new syphilis infections per year in the US, and two thirds of those occur in gay men.
Third, your symptoms are not suggestive of syphilis or HIV. As for the penile "bump" and redness, you don't describe them enough for me to make even an educated guess about the possible causes.
The proper approach to diagnosing any unexplained symptom is to visit a health professional. Your primary care provider would be a good start, or you could visit your local health department's STD clinic. While you're there, for reassurance you should be tested for both HIV and syphilis. This doesn't mean I think you have either one; I do not. But the negative test results probably will reassure you more than my words can.
Feel free to return with a comment and let me know the diagnosis after you are examined, and your HIV and syphilis test results. In the meantime, don't be worried about the outcome. There is no chance you have either syphilis or HIV from your massage parlor exposure, and I doubt other STDs as well.
I hope this helps. Best wishes- HHH, MD