So first - remember that guilt doesn't equal risk. Keep that in mind.
Oral sex is lower risk than vaginal or anal, and most experts don't think it warrants testing after just one encounter. The risks are gonorrhea, chlamydia, NGU, genital herpes type 1 (if you don't already have oral herpes type 1), and syphilis. Syphilis is uncommon in most developed countries, so I wouldn't worry about that.
Oral sex for a minute has some risk, meaning it's possible, but again, remember that it's lower risk overall.
Condom protected sex is a risk for herpes type 2, syphilis and HPV. Condoms offer significant protection against these, but not full.
You see a wide variety of when symptoms appear because it's different for each infection.
Symptoms for herpes can appear as early as 2 days, and the typical range is 2-12 days.
Symptoms for syphilis can appear between 10-90 days, but the average is 3 weeks. You can test for this at 6 weeks, but again, don't worry so much about this one.
Symptoms for HPV can appear several months later. This is a hard one, because many times, symptoms never appear. It's also extremely common, with upwards of 90% of us getting it at least once in our lifetimes. There is no test for men for HPV.
Gonorrhea, chlamydia and NGU symptoms usually appear within a week, but about 20% of men don't get symptoms. You can test for these at a week or two.
So what to do? I suspect your anxiety is going to require you to test. First things first - treat your anxiety. Your mental health is just as important as your physical health. If that's medication and therapy, do that. Talk to your doctor.
Herpes testing - I left this for last because it's tricky. You can get a type specific IgG blood test. It can take up to 12 weeks to develop antibodies, which is what the test looks for. However, there are false positives on the hsv2 IgG, enough that I'd really caution you about this. Getting a false positive means waiting weeks and weeks to retest and maybe spending hundreds on a confirmatory test that you can't get until 12 weeks. If you aren't in the US, it gets even more expensive.
To be honest, I'm not sure your anxiety can handle this. My advice right now would be not to test unless you get symptoms. That may seem counter-intuitive, but your risk of getting herpes from a one-time oral and protected vaginal encounter are low enough that I don't think you should put yourself through the testing process.
And remember - guilt doesn't equal risk.