What makes you unlucky here is that your doctor sucked really, really badly.
If you had hsv1 antibodies, the chances of you getting genital hsv1 is essentially zero in the absence of an outbreak, and if you had a sore, it could have been cultured. Hsv is only spread in saliva when the saliva makes contact with a herpes outbreak or shedding.
Syphilis isn't painful. The timing could work, but the symptoms really don't, and syphilis is spread by direct skin to skin contact - you'd need to come into direct contact with her mouth or genitals with a sore present.
There are actually other things that this could be, and your doctor could have and should have cultured it. It could be staph, MRSA, balanitis, a regular pimple... lots of things.
Have you had any other encounters recently? Anyone who's given you oral sex can give you genital herpes type 1. 2/3 of adults under 50 have it globally.
So how long have you had it? When did the doctor see it? Can you get to another doc and have them PCR swab it? Do some wound culturing?
Hands don't transmit STDs, and spit doesn't either. If you've had any other encounters, though, this could be an STD.
UPDATE - I know a lot of people post on here looking for help and then never come back to update people. I wanted to post so that maybe this could help someone else.
When I initially was seen by a doctor, he had swabbed my sore, but it was not a culture, he was specifically checking for HSV. I didn't know at the time, but I later found out this was a PCR swab.
I saw a second doctor who reviewed my swab results with me - negative, when I questioned the reliability/accuracy of this swab, she told me the PCR test is the gold standard for herpes, and that it is extremely accurate, not only because your swabbing the sore, but you don't specifically need fluid, it also takes cells from my skin and can detect "shedding" even if the sore is healing etc. She told me based on the results, she concluded 95% that I do not have herpes. Slightly bewildered, we ordered another STD panel, just because the first one was done around 8/9 days of exposure and would be way too early to detect things like Syphilis. These tests were done at about 5 and half, 6 weeks after exposure. I just got the results back this week, once again all negative.
Therefore, the doctor concurred that definitely do not have an std and that I do not have herpes. While this was slightly relieving.... I am still left with the question, what the heck was the tiny sore on my penis for almost two weeks? Sure it could have been fungal or bacterial, but I've never had a break in my skin on my penis before... so very random. Since the sore has gone away, everything is back to normal. I've decided to let my anxiety go, and affirm in the fact I've done my due diligence. I feel I can safely go back to being sexual active, and close this crappy chapter of my life which lasted a whole two months. While I wasn't given a direct answer, I can at-least know I did everything in my power to figure this out.
If you're going through something like this, just be stern with your doctors and ask for the proper tests, no matter their opinions!