As you were told, you were exposed to the risk. HIV transmission is not a game of numbers and probabilities.
However, having said that, it is also a fact that HIV may not necessarily be contacted as a result of an isolated single event of unprotected sex with a +ve partner. In your case, his status was not known, so there is a strong possibility that he was not +ve. One can not give you something he does not have.
Unfortunately, the only way to know our status conclusively, after such incidents is, to get ourselves tested after a specified period, which is 3 months as you were advised.
I would suggest you to get yourself tested for p24 Duo after 4 weeks of your exposure (2 weeks from now). I hope, it would come negative and will be highly reassuring for you to wait for another 8-9 weeks to collect your conclusive and final report.
One small piece of advice, the best friend of a girl is not her boy friend of unknown status but the condom.
I do know that. I guess that I am grasping for straws at this point. This behavior is highly unlike me and I don't know how to handle it. What other testing can be done sooner?
Chances and odds don't work. HIV is not like a race track. You can obtain your conclusive negative test result 3 months post exposure.