Yes, actually most cervical cancers are caused by HPV, which is a sexually transmitted disease. There are other causes of cervical cancer, so I can't say that was what caused it in your partner, but that's probably what it meant when you were reading about it.
The good news is that even if your partner did have HPV, you were with her 10 years ago, and HPV usually clears from the body within 2 years. Even if you got it from her - if she had it at the time when you were with her - then you don't any longer.
It's possible that you got syphilis, but I'd be very surprised if you had it for 10 years with no symptoms. If it's that concerning for you, you can always ask your doctor for a test. I wouldn't worry about it, though.
About 50% of those infected show no symptoms even for 10 years. Just for peice of mind maybe best to test just so you can put this behind you. Nothing to be overly concened about.